40 km (5% of the route of the fence), the barrier takes the form of a six-to-eight-meter wall. [6] Terrorist attacks declined in 2007[6] and 2008[66] "It does not resemble a wall in any way. (, Interview Neazh Mashiah – Director of the Israeli separation barrier project, 1949 Armistice Agreements § Cease-fire line vs. permanent border, Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts, killing 293 Israelis and injuring over 1,900, Israeli demolition of Palestinian property, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Israeli Supreme Court opinions on the West Bank Barrier, International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict, International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict § Legal issues related to the Israeli West Bank barrier, International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem, "The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall", "Saving Lives: Israel's anti-terrorist fence-Answers to Questions", http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_barrier_update_july_2011_english.pdf, "Death toll of Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians hit a low in 2006", "Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank", International Court of Justice finds Israeli barrier in Palestinian territory is illegal, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, https://www.pbs.org/pov/5brokencameras/photo_gallery_background.php#.VD3fNmQf201, "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Advisory Opinion", "The Plot of the Eastern Segregation Wall", "Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. The concrete wall is a total of about 70 kilometers long. [115], According to a survey conducted by the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, an academic research institution of Tel Aviv University, there was overwhelming support for the barrier among the Jewish population of Israel: 84% in March 2004 and 78% in June 2004. They invited visitors to add additional graffiti, particularly in the forms of prayers for peace. [64][65], The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Israel Security Agency report that in 2002, there were 452 fatalities from terrorist attacks. Without demarcating the lines, whoever wants to swallow 1.8 million Arabs will just bring greater support for Hamas. WEST BANK. The court ruling also cited the attempts Israel had made to defend its citizens, including "military operations" carried out against "terrorist acts", and stated that these actions "did not provide a sufficient answer to the immediate need to stop the severe acts of terrorism. The West Bank is a piece of land in the Middle East. [48], In February 2004, the Israeli government said it would review the route of the barrier in response to US and Palestinian concerns. Berlin Wall was in Germany. [107], Israeli supporters of the barrier stood in the plaza near the courthouse, holding the portraits of 927 terror victims. Israel cited the need to prevent Palestinian suicide bombers from crossing One elder from the refugee camp claimed that "they don't necessarily want the kids to start viewing that area positively, and so they see the work as a thing of beauty, but in a place where beauty shouldn't be" (Parry, 10). "[151], The Israeli Deputy Defence Minister in 2000 stated that the barrier did not necessarily delineate the boundaries of a future Palestinian State. The demonstration was entitled "Bethlehem Unwrapped", and featured a large section of replica wall, reproducing both the fabric of the Israeli wall, and the graffiti to be found on it. info), jidar al-fasl al-'unsuri, indicating an allegation of Israeli apartheid. ][44], In 1994, the first section of a barrier (slabs of concrete contiguous for miles) was constructed. One 8 meter-high concrete section of this wall follows the Green Line between the city and the nearby Trans-Israel Highway. [106] The UN Fact Finding Mission and several UN Rapporteurs subsequently said that in the movement and access policy there has been a violation of the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of race or national origin. Under painted arches one can glimpse expanses of green lawns and perpetually blue skies, painted by an artist on the gray concrete that hides the Arabs' homes." [60], In September 2014, eight years after approving the 45 km stretch of barrier enclosing Gush Etzion, no progress had been made on it, and Israel reopened the debate. According to Haaretz, a 2006 report by the Shin Beit concluded that "[t]he fence does make it harder for them [terrorists]" but that attacks in 2005 decreased due to increased pursuing of Palestinian militants by the Israeli army and intelligence organizations, Hamas's increased political activity, and a truce among Palestinian militant groups in the Palestinian Territories. Only a small portion of the wall is on Israeli land: 85 percent of is on the West Bank… [183], The British photojournalist William Parry has recently published a book entitled "Against the Wall" The wall was the primary focus of British playwright David Hare's dramatic monologue Wall, which is being adapted as a live-action/animated feature-length documentary by the National Film Board of Canada, to be completed in 2014. The idea to build a separation fence or wall in the West Bank was raised several times in the past, but it was not before Sharon’s green light that the concept took shape. Some 85 percent of the wall falls inside the West Bank, and not on the Green Line. Palestinians, ha… Despite the ICJ ruling that the wall beyond the Green Line is illegal, Ariel Sharon reiterated on September 8, 2004, that the large settlement blocs of Ariel, Ma'aleh Adumim and Gush Etzion will be on the Israeli side of the Barrier. Among the politicians and thinkers advocating nationalism was TheodoreHerzl, a Jewish journalist who called for the creation of a state for Jews. Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Resolution ES-10/15. Graffiti on the Palestinian side of the wall has been one of many forms of protest against its existence, demanding an end to the barrier, or criticizing its builders and its existence ("Welcome to the Ghetto-Abu Dis"[160] and "Blessed are the Peacemakers"[161]). At the end of 2002, due to government inaction, several localities who suffered the most from lack of a border barrier had already started to build the barrier using their own funds directly on the green-line. [149], Some have speculated that the barrier will prejudice the outcome of border negotiations in favor of the Israelis. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns. [118][119], Shaul Arieli, a senior member of the Council for Peace and Security and one of the architects of the Geneva Initiative wrote in Haaretz in March 2009 of the importance "to complete the fence along a route based on security considerations." [89] However, it has changed the route to allow settlements to annex parcels of land. Some Israelis and other nations disagree on whose it really is. It touches the Dead Sea and the River Jordan. The Israeli Peace Now movement has stated that while they would support a barrier that follows the 1949 Armistice lines, the "current route of the fence is intended to destroy all chances of a future peace settlement with the Palestinians and to annex as much land as possible from the West Bank" and that the barrier would "only increase the blood to be spilt on both sides and continue the sacrificing of Israeli and Palestinian lives for the settlements. [55][56] In the Ariel area, the new route corrects an anomaly of the previous route that would have left thousands of Palestinians on the Israeli side. In 1994 it became one of the first … [47], By 2003, 180 km (112 mi) had been completed and in 2004, Israel started the southern part of the barrier. 815). [102], On May 19, 2004, the UN passed Security Council Resolution 1544 reiterating the obligation of Israel, the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by its legal obligations and responsibilities under the Fourth Geneva Convention, and called on Israel to address its security needs within the boundaries of international law. The Court described the history of violence against Israeli citizens since the breakout of the Second Intifada and the loss of life that ensued on the Israeli side. VI.9). In particular, Israeli cabinet members said modifications would be made to reduce the number of checkpoints Palestinians had to cross, and especially to reduce Palestinian hardship in areas such as the city of Qalqilyah which the barrier completely surrounds. Id. [36] According to a study of the April 2006 route by the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem, 8.5% of the West Bank area will be on the Israeli side of the barrier after completion, and 3.4% partly or completely surrounded on the eastern side. [137], Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and other Human rights groups have protested both the routing of the wall and the means by which the land to build the wall was obtained. And unlike the Berlin Wall, sections of which were simply placed on the [30][46] Not until 14 April 2002, the Cabinet of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon decided to implement the plan and establish a permanent barrier in the Seam Area. [46], On March 9, 2006, The New York Times quoted then-acting Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert as stating that if his Kadima party wins the upcoming national elections, he would seek to set Israel's permanent borders by 2010, and that the boundary would run along or close to the barrier. They were a huge hit with the Palestinians — not so with the Israelis, who fired their guns in the air to scare off the enigmatic, misanthrope who already relishes in disdain. [75], An often-quoted example of the effects of the barrier is the Palestinian town of Qalqilyah, a city of around 45,000, which is surrounded almost on all sides by the barrier. Before the completion of the first continuous segment (July 2003) from the beginning of the Second Intifada, 73 Palestinian suicide bombings were carried out from the West Bank, killing 293 Israelis and injuring over 1,900. Life is tough Senator from New York, said she supports the separation fence Israel is building along the edges of the West Bank, and that the onus is on the Palestinian Authority to fight terrorism. The West Bank Wall walls off Israel from the West Bank. The organization Christians for Israel helped bring the No. On September 15, 2005, the Supreme Court of Israel ordered the Israeli government to alter the route of the barrier to ensure that negative impacts on Palestinians would be minimized and proportional. This annexation was considered illegal and … [84][85] In August 2003, an additional 115 shops and stalls (an important source of income for several communities) and five to seven homes there were also demolished. He also decided that the Barrier would run east of Ariel, but its connection with the main fence be postponed. [181] JR's work, including "Face2Face" is currently shown at the Watari-Um Museum in Tokyo, Japan. [86][87], According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 15 communities were to be directly affected, numbering about 138,593 Palestinians, including 13,450 refugee families, or 67,250 people. There has to be a clear border. of the wall, Palestinian commuters to Israel being made to queue [194], Head of Saudi Arabia's border guard, Talal Anqawi, dismissed comparisons with Israel's West Bank barrier: "The barrier of pipes and concrete could in no way be called a separation fence. The following are five facts about the barrier, comprised mostly of razor wire-tipped fences and of smaller sections of towering cement walls: … The wall has been used as a canvas for many paintings and writings. Since the completion of the fence in the area of Tulkarm and Qalqilyah in June 2003, there have been no successful attacks from those areas. Innocent people paid with both life and limb. block Christians from reaching the Palestinians. the population growth in its favor, Many Palestinians recall nostalgically the period before the wall. [138] The Israeli women of Machsom Watch regularly monitor events at checkpoints and report their findings. [135] The church statement drew attention to the request of the World Council of Churches for all Christians to oppose the wall. [123], The Palestinian population and its leadership are essentially unanimous in opposing the barrier. "[43][self-published source? 90 states voted for, 8 against, 74 abstained. [9] Some people describe the barrier as the de facto future border of the State of Israel. [45], In 1995, the Shahal commission was established by Yitzhak Rabin to discuss how to implement a barrier separating Israelis and Palestinians. [134] St James' Church, which allowed the demonstration on its grounds, and permitted its own church building to be almost entirely hidden by the wall, issued a public statement supporting the right of Israel to defend its borders, but condemning the wall, and the suffering which it caused to Palestinian peoples. [174] In monumental formats, portraits of Israelis and Palestinians of similar professions and backgrounds were pasted next to each other on the wall. A plan to build another barrier between the West Bank and the Jordan valley was abandoned because of international condemnation after the 2004 International Court ruling, instead instituting a restrictive permit regime for Palestinians. Photographs by Yoray Liberman. On February 20, 2005, the Israeli cabinet approved the barrier's route on the same day it approved the execution of the Gaza disengagement plan. [108], In April 2003, B'Tselem stated that "Israel has made cynical use of security claims to justify grave human rights violations in the Occupied Territories...Among other things the determination of the route of the barrier was based on political considerations, the attempt to leave the settlements to the west of the barrier, and protection of access routes for religious sites – none of which are at all related to military considerations. David Makovsky, Foreign Affairs, volume 83, issue 2, March/April 2004. International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", paragraphs 120–137 and 163. In December 2003, Resolution ES-10/14 was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in an emergency special session. In 2002, the Government of Israel approved construction of a Barrier in and around the West Bank with the stated purpose of preventing violent attacks by Palestinians in Israel. [79], A UN report released in August 2005 observed that the existence of the barrier "replaced the need for closures: movement within the northern West Bank, for example, is less restrictive where the Barrier has been constructed. Some of Banksy’s most notable and thought-provoking pieces are here – including the legendary masked thug throwing flowers, and the somber image of a girl frisking a soldier. James Zogby, president of the Arab American Institute, has said that the barrier has "unilaterally helped to demarcate the route for future Israeli control over huge West Bank settlement blocks and large swathes of West Bank land". to 9 in 2010. Farming is a primary source of income in the Palestinian communities situated along the Barrier's route, an area that constitutes one of the most fertile areas in the West Bank. [37], In June 2004, The Washington Times[77] reported that the reduced Israeli military incursions in Jenin have prompted efforts to rebuild damaged streets and buildings and a gradual return to a semblance of normality, and in a letter[78] dated October 25, 2004, from the Israeli mission to Kofi Annan, Israel's government pointed out that a number of restrictions east of the barrier have been lifted as a result of it, including a reduction in checkpoints from 71 to 47 and roadblocks from 197 to 111. The fence is a warning: If Palestinians don't stop terrorism and forfeit their dream of destroying Israel, Israel may impose its own map on them... and, because Palestine isn't being restored but invented, its borders are negotiable. [129] A number of Palestinian protesters have been killed by the IDF while protesting. Argument presented to the court has reiterated that the cease-fire line of 1949 was negotiated "without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines" (Art. [29], In early October 2003, the IDF OC Central Command declared the area between the separation barrier in the northern section of the West Bank (Stage 1) and the Green Line a closed military area for an indefinite period. While the kids were excited, many elders believed that the children would grow up with the wrong, positive idea of the wall. [61], Suicide bombings have decreased since the construction of the barrier. "JR's Face2Face project. "[145], According to EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, the EU considers the barrier to be illegal to the extent it is built on Palestinian land. [28], On average, the barrier contains a 60-metre (200 ft) wide exclusion area. On June 30, 2004, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that a portion of the barrier west of Jerusalem violated the rights of Palestinians, and ordered 30 km (19 mi) of existing and planned barrier to be rerouted. By contrast, he says, it was a tiny minority in South Africa that held power and once democracy came, the National Party that had dominated the masses disappeared.[155][156][157]. In 2013, the World Bank cited estimates of costs to the West Bank economy attributable to "barriers" combined with "checkpoints and movement permits" of USD $185m and $229m. This situation is likely to render the entire separation barrier project illegal according to international law."[109]. They describe Salah e-Din Street, the main thoroughfare of East Jerusalem, as a thriving commercial, economic and cultural center, a magnet for Palestinians from all parts of the West Bank and Israel. He said, "A nation is within its rights to put up a fence if it sees the need for one. The Court cited illegal interference by the government of Israel with the Palestinian's national right to self-determination; and land confiscations, house demolitions, the creation of enclaves, and restrictions on movement and access to water, food, education, health care, work, and an adequate standard of living in violation of Israel's obligations under international law. cement foundation and has built-in guard towers (above), [42][43][self-published source? The section follows the border between Bat Hefer and Tulkarm communities. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. Palestinians have therefore aptly described the wall as an “annexation wall”. [114] All 25 members of the European Union voted in favour of the resolution after it was amended to include calls for Israelis and Palestinians to meet their obligations under the "roadmap" peace plan. [37][38] Another 124,000, on the other hand, will effectively be controlled and isolated. This has led to considerable anxiety amongst Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted. The landscape is mostly hills or desert. neighbors and even people from their own vegetable gardens. Security Effectiveness of the Israeli West Bank Barrier. It is cooler and rainy in the winter. [49] Some speculate that because sections of the barrier are not built along the Green Line but in the West Bank, the real purpose is to acquire territory. [182], As part of a Dutch-Palestinian collaboration, led by Palestinian activist Faris Arouri, Internet users were invited to submit 80-character long messages to be spray-painted on the security barrier in exchange for a donation of 30 Euro. Built in phases from 1994, the Israeli West Bank Wall stretches 440 miles (708 km), mostly along the 1949 Armistice "Green" Line. However, the West Bank Wall is a wall only in the most strategic is 2-3 times taller and thicker than the "[193], Separation barrier built by Israel inside and around the West Bank since 2000, United Nations and International Court of Justice rulings, Links to articles in favor of the barrier. After completion, many residents may lose complete access to emergency care at night. The resolution included a request to the International Court of Justice to urgently render an advisory opinion on the following question. Interesting analysis:. We do not want a majority of the Jewish residents of the state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism. The route of the barrier – including the sections already built, those under construction and those awaiting construction – is 712 kilometers long. The fence/wall is not being built between Israel and the Occupied Territories but mostly (close to 90%) inside the West Bank, turning Palestinian towns and villages into isolated enclaves, cutting off communities and families from each other, separating farmers from their land and Palestinians from their places of work, education and health care facilities and other essential services. 19 bus, on which eleven civilians were killed, to the Hague. [133] The replica wall, which was 8 metres tall (the same height as the actual wall) was constructed as an art installation by Justin Butcher, Geof Thompson, and Dean Willars, who also credited Deborah Burtin of Tipping Point North South. In the southern West Bank the Wall encircles Bethlehem by continuing south of East Jerusalem in both the east and west. [163], The exhibition "Santa's Ghetto in Bethlehem 2007"[164] was co-organized by Banksy and a number of other artists with the aim of drawing attention to poverty in the West Bank and boosting tourism. In August 2005, U.K. graffiti artist Banksy painted nine images on the Palestinian side of the barrier. This in order to facilitate passage between Israel and more than 50 illegal Israeli settlements located in the West Bank. into Israel as the reason for building the barrier, which has served the [103], In a 2004 advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice, "Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall". [24][25][26] "Seam zone" (Hebrew: מרחב התפר) refers to the land between the 1949 Armistice Agreement Line and the fence. Banksy has ma… That is more than twice as long as the Green Line, which is 320 kilometers long. Advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem", "UN Assembly votes overwhelmingly to demand Israel comply with ICJ ruling", Peace Index / Most Israelis support the fence, despite Palestinian suffering, "Peace Now : Opinions > Peace Now Positions", Israel's ambassador defends security fence, "Decision Dismisses Israel's Arguments, Accepts Palestinian Claims Without Reservation", "Israeli fence puts 'cage' on villagers / More Palestinians scrambling to keep barrier from going up", Bulletin on November 11, PIJ leader Abdallah Ramadan Shalah interview to Al-Manar TV, "Bush and Sharon: Much ado about more than nothing - a commented celebrity scrapbook", "Mass demonstration in Bil'in marks five years of protests against West Bank separation fence", "Palestinian mother tells of a family tragedy during protest against separation barrier", "Undercover Israeli combatants threw stones at IDF soldiers in West Bank", "Palestinian protesters pose as Na'vi from 'Avatar, "Honor Anti-Apartheid Hero Nelson Mandela's Words: "Our Freedom Is Incomplete Without The Freedom Of The Palestinians, "Statement on the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Israel's Annexation of Palestinian territory", "Powell Criticizes Israeli Fence in West Bank", "President Bush Commends Israeli Prime Minister Sharon's Plan", "President Bush Welcomes Prime Minister Abbas to White House Remarks by President Bush and Prime Minister Abbas", "President Welcomes Palestinian President Abbas to the White House", "Sen. Clinton: I support W. Bank fence, PA must fight terrorism", "Israel rebukes Ashton for voicing 'concern' on military trial", Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, "Canadian policy on key issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict", Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade – Canadian Government, "US Peace Activists Denounce Sharon's Speech", "Israel redraws the roadmap, building quietly and quickly", "Olmert Wants to Set Israeli-Palestinian Border by 2010", "Press Release SC/7895 Security Council 4841st Meeting (AM)", "Abbas ne reconnaît pas le droit d'Israël à exister", "Expose 'apartheid' charge's real agenda", "Israel's "security" wall is world's largest protest graffiti", "Spray can prankster tackles Israel's security barrier", "In pictures: Banksy returns to Bethlehem", "Artists draw attention to Bethlehem - CNN.com", "Graffiti Artists Decorate Bethlehem Barrier", "Blu's website: Walled Christmas tree surrounded by tree stumps. It also explained that necessity may constitute a circumstance precluding wrongfulness under certain very limited circumstances, but that Article 25 of the International Law Commission's Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) bars a defense of necessity if the State has contributed to the situation of necessity. [170] American contemporary artist Ron English pasted portraits of Mickey Mouse dressed as a Palestinian with the slogan "You are not in Disneyland anymore" on the wall. They are rewarding illegal occupation, settlement and the apartheid wall. On February 18, 2004, The International Committee of the Red Cross stated that the Israeli barrier "causes serious humanitarian and legal problems" and goes "far beyond what is permissible for an occupying power". Geographically, the West Bank is mostly composed of north-south–oriented limestone hills (conventionally called the Samarian Hills north of Jerusalem and the Judaean Hills south of Jerusalem) having an average height of 2,300 to 3,000 feet (700 to 900 metres). [33][34], The barrier nearly encircles some Palestinian towns, about 20% follows the armistice line,[35] and a projected 77,000 ha (191,000 acres), or about 13.5 percent, of the West Bank area (including East-Jerusalem) is on the west side of the wall. therefore appears more permanent for the Palestinians by design because Israel wants them to emigrate, tilt [83], In early 2003, 63 shops straddling the Green Line were demolished by the IDF during construction of the wall in the village of Nazlat Issa. THE WALL The Wall’s construction started in 2002 to advance Israel’s annexation policies and to refine its apartheid regime over the Palestinian people. [189] This award-winning film tells the story of the nonviolent protests of the village residents and the international and Israeli activists who join them, and of how in the course of his filming one after another of his cameras is shot or smashed. [136], The Red Cross has declared the barrier in violation of the Geneva Convention. [The elder man] wasn't speaking about international symbols, but about what it means to live in the shadow of an 80 foot guard tower" (Parry, 10). The rest of "wall" is actually a fence running alongside a trench that is wide from 1994, the Israeli West Bank Wall stretches 440 miles (708 km), mostly along the 1949 Armistice "Green" Line. than the Berlin Wall. Israel began building its separation wall in the occupied West Bank in June 2002, claiming that it was necessary for security. A wall runs through it: New road divides Israelis and Palestinians. "This is against the terrorists. Retrieved 2013-04-18". at checkpoints at 2 AM in order to enter Israel by 8 AM, etc. Considering the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) to be "occupied territory", the Canadian government considers the barrier to be contrary to international law under the Fourth Geneva Convention. The Alfei Menashe settlement bloc was reduced in size, and the new plan leaves three groups of Palestinian houses on the Palestinian side of the fence. American Christians today turn a blind eye to the oppression of the Palestinians, but that could change if The first West Bank settlement was established in September 1967, supported by … They thought that their work would bring out the oppressiveness and the emotion responses of the people affected by the wall. The Court asserted that "the construction of the wall, and its associated régime, are contrary to international law. [152], In 2012 it was reported that Israel had presented principles for drawing a border, which essentially propose to turn the West Bank separation barrier into the border with a future Palestinian state.[153]. Annexation While Israel is heading for de jure […] The West Bank refers to the territory situated west of the Jordan River that was not included as part of Israel following the establishment of the state after the Arab – Israel War of 1948. Maariv also stated that Palestinian militants, including a senior member of Islamic Jihad, had confirmed that the barrier made it much harder to conduct attacks inside Israel. In addition to loss of land, in the city of Qalqilyah one-third of the city's water wells lie on the other side of the barrier. T he dubious honour of being the first person to walk the length of Israel's barrier in the West Bank, to the best of my knowledge, belongs to, well, me. [143], In 2005, Hillary Clinton, at the time a U.S. "[140], On April 14, 2004, President of the United States George W. Bush said "In light of new realities on the ground, including already existing major Israeli population centers, it is unrealistic to expect that the outcome of final status negotiations will be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949, and all previous efforts to negotiate a two-state solution have reached the same conclusion.”[141], On May 25, 2005, Bush said, "I think the wall is a problem.
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