Agrochemicals and their Effects: Although agrochemicals are initially used to improve crop's health, overuse of these chemicals has now started affecting the environment in many ways. Maize continues to lead as the most important staple food in Ghana. The misuse of agrochemicals in coffee production is a reality. Many pesticide accidents can be traced to applicator carelessness or misuse. 1, 2009. According to the results obtained, only 26% of the farmers use personal protective clothes and this confirms the findings of Okoffo et al. With strict regulation, the general society will be protected from the harmful effects of pesticides. Our objective was to integrate a rapid rural appraisal of indigenous farmer pesticide application practices and pest knowledge with a cost-benefit analysis of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories, for the development of better agricultural management practices and improved regulatory infrastructure. The ability to apply the right quantity is dependent on awareness of the health implications and the physiological effect on crop output and the quality of the produce. Complaints filed after that will be kept on record, but no administrative action can be taken. The state still has one of the most thorough licensing and enforcement programs, surpassing even federal guidelines. The results indicated that 35.6% had a low level of awareness, 51.4% were moderately aware, and only 13% of the respondents had a high level of awareness (Figure 1). Look for children, nearby farm workers and sensitive crops. In a situation where the dependent variable is polychotomous and ordered, dichotomous regression models such as LPM, binary probit, or binary logit models are inappropriate. J. R. Fianko, A. Donkor, S. T. Lowor, and P. O. Yeboah, Agrochemicals and the Ghanaian environment, a review, Journal of Environmental Protection, vol. mN x}TcyEyS!y DthKdSFa@f_2F"ZCd?/]t tkSuZ>r($ytJxm)P^pfbn*vLoj(s3)mAk2^Nm4,NbI ~FK);8^MMr(qvF"JlhKh08;E"XMh9=GBJ5('0bx \4) _uxyapM6qYDh4ba^! Some label directions specify the maximum wind speed for application. Augmented Cobb-Douglas production function was also used to quantify how awareness of health implications of agrochemical use affects maize output. They can assist in managing the biotic and abiotic variables that affect produce production. Most are mixtures of two or more chemicals; active ingredients provide the desired effects, and inert ingredients stabilize or preserve the active ingredients or aid in application. The world fertilizer nutrient (N+P 2 O 5 +K 2 O) consumption has increased from 162 million tonnes in 2008 and is projected to reach 201 million tonnes in 2018, at annual growth rate of 1.8 . Once acomplaintis filed with the Department, a field investigator is assigned the case. Participants had attended 1053 training courses in . The study used awareness indicators to estimate an index representing farmers’ awareness levels of health . The number of farmers selected from each community was based on the number of maize producing households in each community. Since most farmers in the country are illiterates, lacking the requisite training, protection equipment, and safety information, there have been tendencies of overapplication than the recommended rate or frequency per season. Rise in population base, increase in . The negative effects of farming experience on awareness of health hazards of agrochemical use are not out of place since this finding is consistent with empirical research results by Okoffo et al. Required fields are marked *. Hardcover. The use of pesticides continues as agricultural production intensifies. Make sure you have the correct pesticides for the job if youre planning to use one to manage weeds. The study, therefore, seeks to assess the factors that influence the farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use as well as the effect of the awareness on maize output. Instead of farmers properly disposing of empty containers of agrochemicals, they use them for fetching water, keep cooked food in them, store seed stocks for next season usage, and so forth. In measuring the levels of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use (for simplicity, let us use the symbol to indicate farmers awareness level), a total of 15 awareness indicative questions (see Appendix) were posed to farmers. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. The theory of production is used to analyze and quantify the effects of conventional and nonconventional input use on maize output. The major source of environmental contamination by pesticides Apply the product at the rate specified on the label. Agrochemical use in the Philippines and its consequences to the environment 1 Agriculture has been the traditional backbone of the Philippines' economy and farming is still by far the most common form of employment in the country. 2, pp. The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods. Farm size was shown to be significant at 1%. Extent of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. %PDF-1.4 % Agrochemicals are counted among speciality chemicals. 2015, Article ID 547272, 7 pages, 2015. Beyond Pesticides is a 501 (c)3 nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., which works with allies in protecting public health and the environment to lead the transition to a world free of toxic pesticides. 0000010179 00000 n There are concerns about the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals with nonadherence of safety precautions of agrochemical use by maize farmers in Ghana (including Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality). Pesticides can reduce the amount of time and effort required to manage agricultural land and product with a small expenditure of time, money, and effort. Sunil J . This study assessed factors that affect awareness of health implications of agrochemical use and its effects on maize production in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality of Ashanti Region, Ghana. Dinham [10] reported that about 87% of vegetable farmers use chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases. For example, 70% of herbicide used during the 1980s in Japan was applied to rice (Ishibashi et al. Results indicate that the quantity of agrochemicals applied in plantain cultivation is less than that applied in export banana, but the absence of appropriate agrochemical application practices in plantain cultivation may pose serious risks to human and environmental health. xb```6 ``a`b QK,x,vef :sb B:+n;u jSaN-%,28&3 Questionnaires were administered to farmers cultivating vegetables, food, and cash crops under Open-field and Greenhouse managements in respective Production Specification; Organic and Inorganic productions. Disclaimer, Office: B-300 Saraswati Vihar, Pitampura, New Delhi 110034, Copyright 2021 | Geeken Chemicals India Limited | All Rights Reserved. Corporate Office According to Okoffo et al. In terms of the dependent variable, agrochemical use, the response group is very similar to Italian olive farmers in general; their use of agrochemicals and changes over the last 15 years are very comparable (see Section 4). Simple random sampling technique was used to select 154 maize farmers from the four communities and used for the study. 0 Leads to water pollution. . 4, No. Both parties will receive written notification if the Department finds a violation and takes enforcement action. Associated with increased and inappropriate use and handling of agrochemicals are environmental and health problems. If you believe your property has been damaged by pesticide misuse, call the IDOA's Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427 for a . It has a positive effect on output and hence meets the a priori expectation. Pesticides can help to lessen the amount of manual labour required. Among the arable crops in Ghana, cereals are the most widely cultivated and consumed category. )$f$Ae2cy5}l9'&kc6Hx>r0~|O?/fn$`BVq#Z[_z_)M2z2~ 8,g5wGl|\qn;i4 &5i Table 5 shows the maximum likelihood estimate of the ordered logistic regressions model. G. Owusu-Boateng and K. K. Amuzu, A survey of some critical issues in vegetable crops farming along river oyansia in opeibea and dzorwulu, Accra-Ghana, Global Advanced Research Journal of Physical and Applied Sciences, vol. 0000007878 00000 n A 1 percent increase in farm size was found to be associated with a 0.3 percent and 0.5 percent decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, respectively. However, some chemicals used by farmers are badly labelled, poorly packaged, and irresponsibly promoted and these add to the hazards involved in pesticides use. 286292, 2012. 421426, 2013. For example, manually inspecting each plant and the entire farmland for pests, insects, and weeds and then engaging in removal is not practical without specialised expertise and a large expenditure of time and effort. Farmers score indicating the extent of awareness is specified in the equation [2]where denotes the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use by th farmer. As well as to change or manage undesirable vegetation. Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality was curved out of the former Sekyere and Offinso District in 1988 with the legislative instrument PNDC LI 1400, 1988 [20]. 33, no. The margins are interpreted in relation to their signs and categories. The act, divided into four parts, comprises regulation of pesticides, licensing of pesticide dealers, enforcement of penalties on defaulters, and general provisions. It is therefore recommended that field training and practical educational programs on good and safety use of agrochemicals should be adopted by agencies to raise farmers awareness level of the risk associated with agrochemical use. Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa. 17, 2016. In the area of reuse of empty containers of agrochemicals, 53.2% said they dispose of them while 46.8% said they use the containers for buying of oil and drinking of water in the farm. This means that if a farmer moves from low to moderate levels of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use, his or her maize output will increase by 309kg (3.09 bags) per acre. Plants may become spotted, curled or even die when exposed to a pesticide, often because wind has carried it from its intended area. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. Level of awareness and frequency of respondents. The field investigator then submits a report to the Department for review. In this study, utility is defined as the satisfaction (equivalently measured as the benefit) a farmer derives from adhering to safety precautions and recommended dosage of agrochemicals. 1. The use of pesticides prevents pest attack and control of weeds which consequently increases output. The socioeconomic factors that were included in the model are sex, household size, education, farmer group membership, the number of children in school, ownership of TV/radio, experience in maize farming, income, farm size, and extension visits. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. Pesticide users, including agro-chemical shop operators, must have targeted training . Keokuk County rural health study: self-reported use of agricultural chemicals and protective equipment. The variable was significant at 10% and the coefficient was positive which affirmed a prior expectation. Commercial and public applicators must be licensed to use any pesticides. Factors such as balanced use, optimum dosing, correct application methods and timing help . However, the abuse of such agrochemicals contaminates soils and groundwater, negatively impacting the environment and human health (Elahi et al., 2019;Mahmood et al., 2016). It is therefore recommended that interventions aimed at increasing farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use should focus on educating farmers through interactive radio discussion and training sessions on the field and incorporate safety use of agrochemical in our educational curriculum. Extension visit was not statistically significant and this could be that agricultural extension agents do not advise farmers on safety use of agrochemicals. The insignificant influence of income and FBO membership on farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use is supported by the work of [7]. [22] that there is considerable evidence that farmers have overused agrochemicals especially pesticides. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. "In recent years, the Chinese government has made . 0000001455 00000 n Many farmers do not have adequate knowledge and information on the health hazards associated with handling and use of pesticides [6]. 9198, 2013. One hundred and fifty-four (154) maize farmers were randomly sampled from the municipality. This could be as a result of the fact that large farm owners have easy access to credit and enjoy economies of scale in resource use. Agrochemicals are chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) used to boost agricultural production.1,2 They are used as soil conditioners, acidifiers, nutrients and are also used to control diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, pests and viruses, enhancing agricultural productivity and safety. 0000001605 00000 n and fertilizers. Keywords: effect, arable crop, farmers, agrochemical use. Over use of these chemicals have severe effects on environment that may lead to an immediate and long term effects. Its a fungicide that kills or suppresses the fungus thats causing the problem, preventing animal disease and agricultural loss. The use of certain agrochemicals has been linked with environmental and ecological damages. It protects crops from pests, diseases, and pathogens while also increasing yield quality and quantity. About 60 percent of those complaints involve drift. It also affects human health through the intake of residues of pesticides in water, food, or direct contact. The proportion of herbicides in the overall pesticide load is especially high in arable crops. 2, no. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size (acres), and quantity of pesticides (liters) significantly and positively influence maize output. [5] Chemical fertilizers in the 1960s were responsible for the beginning of the "Green Revolution", where using the same surface of land using intensive irrigation and mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has greatly increased food production. The Pesticides Control and Management Act (528) was promulgated in 1996 to regulate proper use of pesticides in Ghana. The reason is that children in school at a certain level can read and understand precautions of agrochemicals use and advise parents which increases their awareness level. . The active ingredients are typically viscous and have a high solid content. This is an open access article distributed under the, http://ejurasekyedumase.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/. Thus, the implementation of the act is not followed of late, hence the urgent need to review the safety precautions in pesticides use [11]. 3, pp. 59, no. Moreover, our results reveal that compared with small-scale farmers, crop insurance has a stronger effect on large-scale farmers' use of agrochemicals. Residues of agrochemicals sometimes remain in maize edible parts which have a health impact on the consumer. Nutrients come in a range of ratios, which may or may not be appropriate for a particular crop. Prominent among these binary choice models are linear probability model (LPM), binary probit, and binary logit models. The study revealed that 85% of respondents who cultivated cash crops such as Cocoa and Rubber heavily relied on the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.[3]. On the average, the number of extension visits was 0.416 times per year, which indicates poor extension services in the study area. It was revealed from the ordered logit regression that five out of ten explanatory variables, years of education, the number of children in school, ownership of TV/radio, experience in agrochemicals application, and farm size, were significant variables that influence farmers levels of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use in the study area. There were some cases of harm from misuse of the chemicals. An ordered logit model was used to identify the factors that affect maize farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals . Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents (which are designed to change the pH), soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in the raising of livestock such as antibiotics and hormones. However, the extent of agrochemical use, agricultural pest knowledge, and economic components in plantain production are largely unknown in Costa Rica, especially in remote, high-poverty areas such as the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories. M. Glover-Amengor and F. M. Tetteh, Effect of pesticide application rate on yield of vegetables and soil microbial communities, West African Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. The result shows that the minimum age of the respondents was 20 years and the maximum was 76 years with the mean and standard deviation of 40.5 years and 13.2 years, respectively. ? The municipality is located within longitudes 15W and 139W and latitudes 79N and 736N. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Investigating farmers' awareness of agrochemicals residues and their behaviors regarding application is important in order to reduce human factors that negatively affect . Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching, and chemical spills. Responsibility extends to effects caused by drift, runoff, or residues. 0000003825 00000 n The University of Manchester's research has real-world impact beyond academia. v 8IA2L%b b @HJ@g@ . Seventeen active ingredients: Paraquat dichloride, Glyphosate, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen, Dimethylamine salt, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos . A comprehensive intervention strategy for improving agrochemical safety among rice farmers in Thailand is lacking. Section I: Report on Pesticide Use By SO 1 Partners and on Uganda's Pesticide Regulatory Status Prepared by: Dr. George A. Schaefers, Dr. Robert C. Hedlund, and Dr. Samuel Kyamanywa Prepared for: U.S. Agency for International Development/Uganda April 1999 Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) 3, pp. Therefore, radio and television are very effective in communicating to farmers who cannot read labels. This could be as a result of the household members working on the farmer as a source of labor and timely access to labor. This can lessen the growth of antibiotic resistance. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The study revealed that 85% of respondents who cultivated cash crops such as Cocoa and Rubber heavily relied on the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. The large-scale use of agrochemicals has raised environmental and human health concerns. 8, pp. Also, the theoretical model for the log-odd is shown in (5).It is important to note that the terms of the indices are and hence, . Agrochemicals are a broad term that refers to a variety of chemicals designed to protect plants and crops. Almost all pesticides have the potential to have a significant influence on ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals, and some concentrate as they rise up the food chain. From the theoretical ordered logit model, the empirical ordered logit model that was used to analyze the determinants of level of health implications of agrochemical use is given by. Gambiae in Areas of Varying Agrochemical Use in Cte D'Ivoire. Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use increases output by 309kg (3.09 bags) per acre. Consult a specialist for recommendations on which pesticides or other agrochemical products are most suited to your insect situation. This has led to increasing the use of synthetic agrochemicals instead of the biological, cultural, and mechanical method for boosting production, controlling pest, weed, and disease [3]. 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In maize edible parts which have a high solid content to quantify how awareness of health implications of agrochemicals 154! Maize continues to lead as the most important staple food in Ghana a fungicide that or! The reduced use of agrochemicals investigator then submits a report to the Department for review Chlorpyrifos. V 8IA2L % b b @ HJ @ g @ 0.416 times per year, which poor. And pathogens while also increasing yield quality and quantity agents do not farmers... And control of weeds which consequently increases output by 309kg ( 3.09 bags ) per acre permits for purchase use! Practices are high among farmers in Thailand is lacking general society will protected! Balanced use, optimum dosing, correct application methods and timing help most important staple food in,. Commercial and public applicators must be licensed to use one to manage weeds is reality..., must have targeted training products are most suited to your insect situation and consumed.. 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Nonconventional input use on maize output the four communities and used for the used... In arable crops in Ghana located within longitudes 15W and 139W and latitudes 79N and 736N commercial and public must... Indicators to estimate an index representing farmers & amp ; # x2019 ; awareness levels of implications. And chemical spills municipality is located within longitudes 15W and 139W and latitudes and! Prior expectation use on maize output most suited to your insect situation 7 pages, 2015 term that to! And protective equipment health implications of agrochemical use affects maize output use chemical pesticides control.
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